Department of Chemical Engineering
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ECH 2073
Project
Project
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01
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Course
Code
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ECH 2073
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Sample
ID
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Unknown #3
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Student
ID
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H00213896
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Student
Name
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Ahmed Hassn AL Mashjari
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Term
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201213-02
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Date
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May 5th 2013
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Project Title: Characterization and Identification of
Petroleum product ( X )
Section
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CJH, CJJ
(Circle the correct section)
Group Number: # 3
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Group Members
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Abdulla Ali Al Hosani
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Omar Mohammed
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ID: H00234740
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ID: H00227715
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Note: Students are expected
to refrain from all forms of academic dishonesty as defined in the college
policies and as explained and defined by college policies and procedures and
directions from teachers or other college personnel. By signing this cover page
you are stating that the work presented is yours and yours alone. The work
includes all figures, tables, calculations, data and text. Please note only
reports that include a signed cover sheet will be graded.
I hereby state that all work
submitted in this report is mine and solely mine.
Signature
of Report Writer: _____________________________________________________________
Note:
The above cover sheet must be completed in full, marks will be deducted
for omissions.
- Cover Page
- Introduction ...
Background Information
o
Characteristics/Properties/Applications
o
Fossil Fuel?
3. Experimental Data …
-Presentation of results
-Statistical Analysis (Accuracy and Precision)
4. Discussion …
-Refer to key properties selected
-Comparison
of result with references
-
Problems & Solutions in testing
o
Environmental Impact of
Fossil fuels
o
Alternatives
5. Conclusion …
- Identification of Unknown sample
- Justification for selection
6. Bibliography …
i.
Introduction:
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or
natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. It’s also the
main source of energy that we are using nowadays for public transportation,
powering plants and so many different things that being used now.
One part of the fossil fuel is Petroleum products; Jet fuel, Gas
oil, Transformer oil, Turbine oil and Gear oil.
·
Jet fuel is used to
power airplanes and it should be tested and improved to handle very low
temperature and low pressure due to high altitude.
·
Gas oil a fuel oil
obtained in the distillation of petroleum, intermediate in viscosity and
boiling point between paraffin and lubricating oils used for atomizing burners
for domestic and industrial use.
·
Transformer oil is blended
with highly refined mineral base oil and well-chosen anti-oxidizer it is
suitable for insulation and cooling for transformer, oil immersed switch and
other insulation device of electrical appliances.
·
Turbine oil is a premium
quality circulating oil made from highly refined paraffin base stocks and
additives is highly recommended for use in gas turbine.
·
Gear oil is a
lubricant made specifically for transmissions, transfer cases, and
differentials in automobiles, trucks, and other machinery. It is of a higher
viscosity to better protect the gears and usually is associated with a strong
sulfur smell.
ii.
Experimental-Data:
-
Different type of tests were done
to be able to determine which unknown we have; Physical appearance, API
gravity, viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, refractive index and
total acidity number.
Presentation of results:
Type of test
|
Result
|
comments
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Physical appearance
|
Clear and colorless
|
|
API gravity
|
48.9o
|
SG= 0.784
|
viscosity
|
@40oC 1.6 cSt
@100oC 1.1 cSt
|
Low
viscosity and very fast to time it
|
Flash point
|
46oC
|
Room:
669mmHg, 23oC
|
Pour point
|
N/A
|
The test was made on a temperature of -34oC
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Cloud point
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N/A
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The test was
made on a temperature of -34oC
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Refractive index
|
1.4423
|
@21.5oC
reference is 1.3603
|
Total acid number
|
0.22 mg/g
|
|
Standard deviation and precision of viscosity:
S=
%Sr =
X 100%
Calculating
standard deviation @40oC:
X
|
Mean
|
X - Mean
|
Standard deviation
|
1.63
|
1.62
|
0.01
|
0.014
|
1.62
|
1.62
|
0
|
0.014
|
1.61
|
1.62
|
-0.01
|
0.014
|
%Sr =
=
%
If the percentage is less than 2% than the
results are precise.
Calculating standard deviation @100oC:
X
|
Mean
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X - Mean
|
Standard deviation
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1.07
|
1.077
|
0.007
|
0.0057
|
1.08
|
1.077
|
0.003
|
0.0057
|
1.08
|
1.077
|
0.003
|
0.0057
|
%Sr =
=
%
If the percentage is less than 2% than the
results are precise.
iii.
Discussion:
We start our project work bay using several
experiments to find the difference between the elements we have. Because there
are many unknown sample, and each one of those have a different properties, so
by this properties we can find the difference between them. We have five
unknown samples Jet Fuel, Gas Oil, Transformer, Turbine Oil and Gear Oil. Fist
experiment we try to find the cloud and pour point then we discover that we
can’t measure our sample because it didn’t Freeze in -340C , and our
sample didn’t freeze in this temperature. But this device didn’t able to give
less than this temperature .Then we
started to find the flash point ,in this experiment the firs ignition we got at
46oC we have two samples near that flash point get fuel and gas oil
(Figure
The
only problem we faced when we did our viscosity experiment. First we measured
the viscosity of our sample in 400C temperature it was very hard to
measure the viscosity because the flow was very fist and it’s very hard to
compliance with the timer. Then we did the same experiment by another
temperature 100C0, and we discover that. The viscosity increase when the
temperature increases so it was harder to measure the viscosity in this case
(Figure 2).
Disadvantages of fossil fuel effect nature in
very bad way and also injurious to the ozone layer. Unfortunately fossil fuel
is the main cause of global warming .So it’s better to use another sources of
energy like biodiesel. “Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines”
(National Biodiesel Board.2013)because it’s cheap and didn’t harm atmosphere
because it didn’t eject CO2 and many another benefits. Also try to discover
other sources of energy to save the world.
iv.
Conclusion:
It was very interesting experiment and we
learn many things on it. In the beginning I guess that our sample is fuel get
because all the samples freeze except our sample didn’t. We all know plane or
jets facing low temperature and low pressure when flying so we have to use fuel
which can handle this condition. Return to our samples we have jet fuel there, so that shown that
our sample the only one between the samples didn’t freeze in this low
temperature -340C.
In flash experiment we got the ignition at 46oC,
it was very quick and from our research we discover the jet fuel is the nearest
sample between other samples.
API gravity of our sample was 48.90
and what we got in appendix 1 is 41.8o and this show that there were
increases of API gravity and this show that our sample is very light like jet
fuel.
When we collect all the results of research
that we did, we discover that our sample is jet fuel.
References
Classification
of Gas Oil. (n.d.). Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classification-gas-oil-d_165.html
Fossil
Fuel. (n.d.). ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
www.sciencedaily.com/articles/f/fossil_fuel.htm
Gas
oil - definition of gas oil by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and
Encyclopedia.. (n.d.). Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free
Dictionary. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gas+oil
Gear
oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, April 13). Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil
Researchers
working on alternative jet fuel - Business - Oil & energy | NBC News.
(2006, June 19). Breaking News & Top Stories - World News, US &
Local | NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13427343/ns/business-oil_and_energy/t/researchers-working-alternative-jet-fuel/#.UZHWzaKeOHc
The
Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas . (n.d.). Energy
Quest Room. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
Transformer
Insulating Oil and Types of Transformer Oil | Electrical Engineering. (n.d.). Electrical
Engineering | This is an online electrical engineering study site.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.electrical4u.com/transformer-insulating-oil-and-types-of-transformer-oil/
Turbine
oil. (2006, March 15). Finalube. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
www.finalube.com/Product_Data_Files/Fina_Branded_PDF_Files/turbine_oils.pdf
Types
of jet fuel. (n.d.). Avionics and instruments|aircraft cabin glass cleaners.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.alglas.com/jet_fuel.htm
World-wide Civil Jet Fuel Grades -
Shell Global. (n.d.). The Shell global homepage - Shell Global.
Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://www.shell.com/global/products-services/solutions-for-businesses/aviation/products/fuels/types/civil-jet-fuel-grades.html
Biodiesel Basics - Biodiesel.org . (n.d.). Biodiesel -
America's first advanced biofuel!. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.biodiesel.org/what-is-biodiesel/biodiesel-basics
APA
formatting by BibMe.org.
Appendices:
(Figure 1)
(Figure 2)
(Figure 3)
|
Physical
appearance
|
API
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Viscosity
|
Flash Point
|
Pour Point
|
Cloud Point
|
Refractive
index
|
Total Acid
Number
|
Jet Fuel
|
L0.5
Bright and clear
|
41.8
|
@40oc 1.2cSt
@-20oc max
8mm2/s
|
Min @38oc
|
-55oc to
-44oc
|
Below
-30oc
|
1.4511
|
Max
0.015 mgKOH/gm
|
Gas oil
|
Clear liquid / violet
blue
|
36.55
|
@40oc
2.0-4.5 mm2/s
|
@66oC
|
0oc to 6oc
|
1oC
|
1.4524
|
0.1 mgKOH/gm
0.5 mgKOH/gm
|
Transformer
oil
|
|
26.4
|
@40oc 10.9
cSt
@100oc
2.54 cSt
|
@300oF
@149oC
|
-80oF
-62oc
|
|
1.4820
|
0.014 mgKOH/gm
|
Turbine Oil
|
|
29 to 33.5
|
@40oc
32.2cSt
|
@435oF
@224oC
|
-4oF
-20oC
|
24oF
|
@20oC
1.4717
|
0.08 mgKOH/gm
|
Gear Oil
|
|
GL-4
GL-5
(27.0)
|
@100oc
From 10cSt
To 41cSt
|
From 190oC
to 260oC
|
-27oc to -3oc
|
-10oC
|
@25oC
1.4872
|
0.8 mgKOH/gm
|
